Conducting health research : principles, process, and methods Cover Image

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Conducting health research : principles, process, and methods / Frederick J. Kviz.

Kviz, Frederick J., (author.).

Record details

ISBN: 9781483317588 (Paperback)
ISBN: 1483317587 (Paperback)
Physical Description: xxx, 466 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm.
Publisher: Los Angeles : Sage, [2020]

Content descriptions

Bibliography, etc. Note:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Formatted Contents Note:

The nature and process of research -- Conducting ethically responsible research -- Variables and relationships -- Research design diagrams and components -- Research design validity -- Research designs -- Random sampling and assignment -- The measurement process, reliability, and validity -- Developing a measurement instrument -- Developing a structured questionnaire -- Writing survey questions -- Survey research methods -- Qualitative research methods -- Secondary analysis and existing data -- The analysis process and reporting results.

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Subject:

Medicine > Research > Methodology.

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Location

Call Number / Copy Notes

Barcode

Shelving Location

Circulation Modifier

Holdable?

Status

Due Date

Courses

Broadway Library

R 850 K95 2020 (Text)

33109010299527

Stacks

Volume hold

Available

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▼ Additional Content

Summary

Table of Contents

Preface

xxiii

About the Author

xxix

Chapter 1 The Nature and Process of Research

xxx

Learning Objectives

(1)

Overview

(1)

The Nature of Research

(10)

Research Objectives

(1)

The Scientific Approach

(5)

Objectivity

(3)

Control

(1)

Replication

(1)

The Role of Theory

(1)

Reasoning

(1)

Inductive reasoning

(1)

Deductive reasoning

(1)

A holistic perspective

(1)

Inference

(2)

Research Validity

(1)

The Research Process

(9)

Problem Statement

(1)

Research Question

(1)

Conceptual Approach

(1)

Research Design

(1)

Subjects

(2)

Target population

(1)

Units of study

(1)

Inclusion/Exclusion criteria

(1)

Selection procedure

(1)

Sample size

(1)

Data Collection

(1)

Key variables

(1)

Subjects

(1)

Method

(1)

Data Analysis

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

Next Study

(1)

Pilot Study

(1)

Plan and design

(1)

Subjects

(1)

Sites

(1)

Data

(1)

Assessment

(1)

Key Points

(1)

Review and Apply

(1)

Study Further

(1)

Chapter 2 Conducting Ethically Responsible Research

(24)

Learning Objectives

(1)

Overview

(1)

Ethical Principles of Research With Human Subjects

(3)

Respect for Persons

(1)

Self-determination

(1)

Vulnerable populations

(1)

Beneficence

(1)

Benefits

(1)

Risks

(1)

Assessing risks

(1)

Justice

(1)

Inclusion

(1)

Treatment

(1)

Federal Regulations and the IRB

(10)

The Common Rule

(1)

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

(2)

Purpose and composition

(1)

IRB protocol

(1)

IRB review

(1)

Training

(1)

Informed Consent

(5)

Process

(1)

Elements

(1)

Assessment

(2)

Documentation

(3)

Proposed Changes in Federal Regulations

(1)

Privacy Protection

(9)

Privacy

(1)

Anonymity

(1)

Not recording identifiers

(1)

Not collecting identifiers

(1)

De-identification

(1)

Uses of Identifiers

(3)

Prenotification

(1)

Scheduling

(1)

Follow-up

(1)

Data collection evaluation

(1)

Missing data recovery

(1)

Data verification/clarification

(1)

Payments

(1)

Linking data sets

(1)

Tracking

(1)

Sharing results

(1)

Maintaining Confidentiality

(3)

Subject identification codes

(1)

Security

(1)

Nondisclosure

(1)

Collect necessary information only

(1)

Limitations of confidentiality

(1)

Certificate of Confidentiality

(1)

Key Points

(1)

Review and Apply

(1)

Study Further

(1)

Chapter 3 Variables and Relationships

(34)

Learning Objectives

(1)

Overview

(1)

Types of Variables

(1)

Levels of Measurement

(1)

Discrete Variables

(1)

Continuous Variables

(1)

Attributes of Relationships

(3)

Contingency

(1)

Direction

(2)

Strength

(1)

Causal Concepts

(25)

Independent and Dependent Variables

(1)

Path Diagrams

(1)

Exogenous variables

(1)

Endogenous variables

(1)

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions

(1)

Noncausal Relationships

(4)

Risk factor

(1)

Common cause

(1)

Spurious relationship

(2)

Ecological fallacy

(1)

Inferring Causality

(2)

Covariation

(1)

Temporal precedence

(1)

Alternative explanations

(1)

Mechanism/process

(1)

Consistency

(1)

Guidelines for inferring causality

(1)

Multiple Causes and Multiple Effects

(1)

Reciprocal Causality

(2)

Mediated Causal Relationships

(5)

Basic mediation model

(2)

Complete mediation

(1)

Partial mediation

(1)

Analyzing mediated causal relationships

(2)

Multiple Mediator Models

(2)

Simultaneous/parallel multiple mediator model

(1)

Sequential/serial multiple mediator model

(1)

Mixed multiple mediator model

(1)

Multiple independent variable mediation

(1)

Moderated Causal Relationships

(2)

Basic moderation model

(1)

Analyzing moderated causal relationships

(1)

Multiple moderator models

(1)

Mediation and Moderation Combined

(2)

Mediated moderation

(1)

Moderated mediation

(1)

Does the sequence matter?

(1)

Complex Causal Models

(2)

Key Points

(1)

Review and Apply

(1)

Study Further

(1)

Chapter 4 Research Design Diagrams and Components

(20)

Learning Objectives

(1)

Overview

(1)

Research Design Diagrams

(2)

Research Design Components

(14)

Time Frame

(1)

Accessibility

(1)

Observations

(1)

Treatment implementation

(1)

Groups

(2)

Number

(1)

Composition

(1)

Conditions

(6)

One group

(1)

Multiple groups

(5)

Observation Points

(9)

Treatment designs

(3)

Observational designs

(1)

Key Points

(1)

Review and Apply

(1)

Study Further

100

(2)

Chapter 5 Research Design Validity

102

(32)

Learning Objectives

103

(1)

Overview

103

(1)

Observational Designs

104

(1)

Causal Designs

104

(2)

Internal Validity

104

(1)

External Validity

105

(1)

Internal Validity Threats and Strategies

106

(17)

Design Threats

106

(7)

Nonequivalent groups

106

(2)

History

108

(1)

Maturation

109

(1)

Attrition

109

(1)

Testing

110

(1)

Instrumentation

111

(1)

Regression toward the norm

112

(1)

Design Strategies

113

(6)

Nonequivalent groups

113

(1)

History

114

(1)

Maturation

115

(1)

Attrition

116

(1)

Testing

117

(1)

Instrumentation

118

(1)

Regression toward the norm

118

(1)

Nondesign Threats

119

(1)

Treatment diffusion/control group contamination

119

(1)

Treatment imitation

119

(1)

Compensatory equalization

120

(1)

Compensatory rivalry

120

(1)

Demoralization

120

(1)

Participant reactivity

120

(1)

Nondesign Strategies

120

(3)

Treatment diffusion/control group contamination

121

(1)

Treatment imitation

121

(1)

Compensatory equalization

122

(1)

Compensatory rivalry and demoralization

122

(1)

Participant reactivity

122

(1)

External Validity Threats and Strategies

123

(6)

Unrepresentative Units

123

(2)

Threats

123

(1)

Strategies

124

(1)

Unrepresentative Setting

125

(1)

Threats

125

(1)

Strategies

125

(1)

Unrepresentative Treatment

126

(1)

Threats

126

(1)

Strategies

126

(1)

Unrepresentative Outcome

127

(9)

Threats

127

(1)

Strategies

128

(1)

Balancing Internal and External Validity

129

(1)

Key Points

130

(2)

Review and Apply

132

(1)

Study Further

132

(2)

Chapter 6 Research Designs

134

(22)

Learning Objectives

135

(1)

Overview

135

(1)

Observational Designs

136

(4)

Cross-sectional Designs

136

(1)

Longitudinal Designs

137

(3)

Trend study (sequential cross-sectional design)

137

(1)

Panel study

138

(2)

Causal Designs

140

(12)

Nonexperimental Designs

140

(3)

One-group posttest-only design

140

(1)

One-group pretest-posttest design

141

(1)

Nonequivalent-groups posttest-only design

142

(1)

Experimental Designs

143

(3)

Pretest-posttest control group design

143

(1)

Posttest-only control group design

143

(1)

Solomon four-group design

144

(1)

Separate-sample designs

145

(1)

Quasi-experimental Designs

146

(4)

Nonequivalent pretest-posttest control group design

146

(1)

Interrupted time-series designs

147

(2)

Case-control design

149

(1)

Cohort studies

149

(1)

Design Variations

150

(8)

Staggered starts

150

(1)

Switching replications

151

(1)

Counterbalancing

152

(1)

Key Points

152

(2)

Review and Apply

154

(1)

Study Further

155

(1)

Chapter 7 Random Sampling and Assignment

156

(34)

Learning Objectives

157

(1)

Overview

157

(1)

Random Sampling

158

(23)

Reasons for Sampling

158

(1)

Random Sampling Concepts

159

(5)

Terms and notation

159

(1)

Random selection

160

(1)

Simple random sampling

160

(4)

Random Sampling Procedures

164

(5)

Sampling frame

164

(1)

Random selection

165

(4)

Stratified Random Sampling

169

(4)

Conditions

169

(1)

Impact

169

(1)

Specifying strata

170

(1)

Proportionate allocation

171

(1)

Disproportionate allocation

171

(2)

Cluster Random Sampling

173

(4)

Conditions

173

(1)

Specifying clusters

174

(1)

Selecting clusters

174

(2)

Selecting individuals within clusters

176

(1)

Impact

176

(1)

Sample Size

177

(4)

Population estimates

177

(2)

Difference between proportions

179

(1)

Statistical power analysis

179

(1)

Field sample size

180

(1)

Logistical aspects

180

(1)

Random Assignment

181

(3)

Separate Random Samples

182

(1)

Simple Random Assignment

182

(1)

Stratified Random Assignment

182

(1)

Block Randomization

182

(1)

Matching

183

(9)

Pairwise matching

183

(1)

Key Points

184

(3)

Review and Apply

187

(1)

Study Further

188

(2)

Chapter 8 The Measurement Process, Reliability, and Validity

190

(30)

Learning Objectives

191

(1)

Overview

191

(1)

From Concepts to Data

192

(2)

Conceptualization

192

(1)

Operationalization

193

(1)

Instrumentation

193

(1)

An Example

193

(1)

Levels of Measurement

194

(5)

Nominal Level

195

(1)

Strategies

195

(1)

Ordinal Level

195

(2)

Strategies

196

(1)

Interval/Ratio Level

197

(1)

Strategies

197

(1)

Comparative Summary

198

(1)

Measurement Theory

199

(3)

Random Error

199

(1)

Measurement Reliability

200

(1)

Systematic Error

200

(1)

Measurement Validity

201

(1)

The Relationship Between Reliability and Validity

202

(1)

Assessing Measurement Reliability

202

(7)

Test-Retest Reliability

204

(1)

Limitations

204

(1)

Interrater Reliability

205

(1)

Kappa coefficient

205

(1)

Limitations

206

(1)

Parallel Forms Reliability

206

(3)

Limitations

207

(1)

Split-half reliability

207

(1)

Cronbach's coefficient alpha

207

(2)

Assessing Measurement Validity

209

(6)

Judgment-Based Validity

209

(3)

Face validity

209

(2)

Content validity

211

(1)

Performance-Based Validity

212

(10)

Concurrent criterion validity

212

(1)

Predictive criterion validity

213

(1)

Convergent and discriminant validity

213

(1)

Construct validity

214

(1)

Item Response Theory

215

(2)

Key Points

217

(1)

Review and Apply

218

(1)

Study Further

219

(1)

Chapter 9 Developing a Measurement Instrument

220

(22)

Learning Objectives

221

(1)

Overview

221

(1)

The Instrument Development Process

222

(3)

Specifying Variables

222

(1)

Specifying Format

223

(1)

Drafting and Revising

223

(1)

Field Pretesting

223

(2)

Using Existing Instruments

225

(2)

Advantages

225

(1)

Disadvantages

226

(1)

Modifications

227

(1)

Developing a Rating Scale

227

(12)

Single-Item Scales

228

(8)

Bipolar scale

228

(1)

Unipolar scale

229

(2)

Branching

231

(1)

Item-specific scale

231

(1)

Number of points

232

(1)

Including a midpoint

232

(1)

Labeling

233

(3)

Multiple-Item Scales

236

(3)

Key Points

239

(1)

Review and Apply

240

(1)

Study Further

241

(1)

Chapter 10 Developing a Structured Questionnaire

242

(28)

Learning Objectives

243

(1)

Overview

244

(1)

Key Concepts

244

(2)

Standardization

244

(1)

The Response Process

244

(1)

Satisficing

245

(1)

Questionnaire Development Process

246

(6)

Outline

246

(1)

Drafting

247

(1)

Cognitive Interviewing

247

(1)

Implementation

248

(1)

Assessment

248

(1)

Field Pretesting

248

(4)

Sample

249

(1)

Assessment

250

(2)

Questionnaire Design and Data Collection Mode

252

(6)

Data Collection Modes Overview

252

(1)

Understanding Questions

253

(1)

Question Order Control

253

(1)

Response Situation Control

254

(1)

Recorded Response Quality

255

(1)

Question Complexity

255

(1)

Questionnaire Complexity

255

(1)

Questionnaire Length

256

(1)

Visual Aids

256

(1)

Records Referral

257

(1)

Sensitive Topics

257

(1)

Open Questions

257

(1)

Summary

258

(1)

Questionnaire Format

258

(5)

Type

259

(1)

Layout

259

(3)

Instructions

262

(1)

Web Questionnaires

262

(1)

Questionnaire Structure

263

(4)

Question Order Overall

263

(1)

Question Order Within a Topic

264

(2)

Navigation

266

(6)

Question numbering

266

(1)

Filter questions and skip patterns

266

(1)

Key Points

267

(2)

Review and Apply

269

(1)

Study Further

269

(1)

Chapter 11 Writing Survey Questions

270

(34)

Learning Objectives

271

(1)

Overview

271

(1)

Types of Questions

272

(3)

Closed Questions

273

(1)

Advantages

273

(1)

Disadvantages

273

(1)

Open Questions

274

(1)

Advantages

274

(1)

Disadvantages

275

(1)

Question Wording

275

(4)

Vocabulary

276

(1)

Tone

277

(1)

Problem Words

278

(1)

Question Structure

279

(8)

Short and Simple

279

(2)

Use Complete Sentences

281

(1)

Ask One Question at a Time

281

(1)

Do Not Use Double Negatives

282

(1)

Specify Conditions at the Beginning

282

(1)

Do Not Ask Biased Questions

283

(2)

Response choices

283

(1)

Providing information

284

(1)

Citing authority

285

(1)

One-sided

285

(1)

Presenting examples

285

(1)

Assumptions

285

(1)

Sensitive Topics

285

(2)

Introduce the topic

286

(1)

Generalize negative conditions

286

(1)

Make responses acceptable

286

(1)

Provide an excuse

286

(1)

Ask for an opinion

287

(1)

Response Choices

287

(12)

General Guidelines

287

(4)

Be responsive to the question

288

(1)

Present one response at a time

288

(1)

Unidimensional

289

(1)

Exclusive

289

(1)

Exhaustive

290

(1)

Short and simple

290

(1)

Use "Don't know" cautiously

290

(1)

Nominal Level

291

(3)

Fill in the blank

291

(1)

Dichotomous choice

292

(1)

Multiple choice

292

(1)

Multiple response

293

(1)

Ordinal Level

294

(2)

Dichotomous choice

294

(1)

Multiple choice

294

(1)

Rating scales

294

(1)

Ranking

294

(2)

Interval/Ratio Level

296

(10)

Fill in the blank

296

(1)

Multiple choice

297

(2)

Key Points

299

(1)

Review and Apply

300

(3)

Study Further

303

(1)

Chapter 12 Survey Research Methods

304

(34)

Learning Objectives

305

(1)

Overview

305

(1)

Basic Concepts

306

(3)

Survey Advantages

306

(1)

Survey Disadvantages

307

(1)

The Survey Process

307

(2)

Data Collection Modes

309

(8)

Overview

309

(1)

Comparison

310

(3)

Costs

310

(1)

Time

311

(1)

Geographic distribution

311

(1)

Anonymity

311

(1)

Unit response rate

312

(1)

Item nonresponse

312

(1)

Summary

313

(1)

Additional Considerations

313

(1)

Mixed Modes

314

(1)

Computer-Assisted Modes

315

(2)

Advantages

316

(1)

Disadvantages

317

(1)

Conducting a Survey

317

(9)

Mail

317

(4)

General protocol

317

(3)

Options

320

(1)

Sample

321

(1)

Monitored

321

(1)

Web

322

(1)

Telephone Interviews

322

(2)

General protocol

322

(1)

Making contact

323

(1)

Sample

324

(1)

In-Person Interviews

324

(2)

General protocol

324

(1)

Making contact

325

(1)

Sample

326

(1)

Interviewing

326

(6)

General Guidelines

326

(1)

Recording Responses

327

(1)

Probing

328

(2)

Encouragement

329

(1)

Clarification

329

(1)

Completeness

330

(1)

Interviewer Characteristics

330

(1)

Interviewer Training

331

(1)

Interviewer Supervision

331

(1)

Key Points

332

(1)

Review and Apply

333

(4)

Study Further

337

(1)

Chapter 13 Qualitative Research Methods

338

(32)

Learning Objectives

339

(1)

Overview

340

(1)

Basic Concepts

340

(2)

Key Characteristics

340

(1)

Limitations

341

(1)

Qualitative Interview Methods

342

(9)

Unstructured Interviews

342

(1)

Semistructured Interviews

343

(1)

Structured Open-Ended Interviews

344

(1)

Focus Groups

345

(4)

Qualitative Interviewing Techniques

349

(2)

Observation Methods

351

(8)

Participant Observation

351

(3)

Nonparticipant Observation

354

(2)

Reactivity

356

(1)

Recording Observation Data

357

(2)

Sampling

359

(3)

Purposive Sample

359

(2)

Typical case sample

360

(1)

Atypical case sample

360

(1)

Homogeneous sample

360

(1)

Heterogeneous sample

360

(1)

Key Informants Sample

361

(1)

Referral Sample

361

(1)

Chain referral/snowball sample

361

(1)

Respondent-driven sample

361

(1)

Convenience Sample

361

(1)

Sample Size

362

(1)

Mixed Methods

362

(5)

Concurrent Designs

364

(1)

Exploratory Sequential Designs

365

(1)

Explanatory Sequential Designs

366

(1)

Confirmatory/Generalizability Sequential Designs

366

(1)

Monomethod Designs

366

(1)

Key Points

367

(1)

Review and Apply

368

(1)

Study Further

369

(1)

Chapter 14 Secondary Analysis and Existing Data

370

(20)

Learning Objectives

371

(1)

Overview

371

(1)

Basic Concepts

372

(1)

The Secondary Data Analysis Process

373

(1)

Advantages, Limitations, and Ethics

374

(2)

Advantages

374

(1)

Limitations

375

(1)

Ethics

376

(1)

Secondary Data Sources

376

(5)

Major Sources

376

(2)

Qualitative Data

378

(1)

Documents and Records

378

(1)

Big Data

379

(2)

Synthesizing Results From Multiple Studies

381

(1)

Narrative Review

381

(1)

Systematic Review

381

(5)

Meta-analysis

384

(2)

Key Points

386

(2)

Review and Apply

388

(1)

Study Further

388

(2)

Chapter 15 The Analysis Process and Reporting Results

390

(37)

Learning Objectives

391

(1)

Overview

392

(1)

The Data Analysis Process

392

(8)

Data Preparation

392

(1)

Analysis File Preparation

393

(1)

Data entry

393

(1)

Data cleaning

393

(1)

Names and labels

394

(1)

Modification and Finalization

394

(6)

Recoding and computing variables

394

(3)

Reliability and validity

397

(1)

Weighting

397

(1)

Final frequencies

398

(1)

Documentation

398

(2)

Overview of Quantitative Data Analysis

400

(9)

Description

400

(4)

Tables

401

(1)

Percentages

402

(1)

Central tendency

403

(1)

Dispersion

403

(1)

Contingency

404

(1)

Correlation

404

(1)

Regression

405

(1)

Differences

405

(1)

Hypothesis Testing

405

(4)

Hypotheses

405

(1)

Process

406

(2)

Decision errors

408

(1)

Validity and Substantive Significance

409

(1)

Overview of Qualitative Data Analysis

409

(5)

Data Preparation

410

(1)

Coding

410

(2)

Themes and Conclusions

412

(1)

Trustworthiness

413

(1)

Credibility

413

(1)

Transferability

413

(1)

Dependability

413

(1)

Confirmability

413

(1)

Reporting Research Results

414

(8)

Abstract

415

(1)

Introduction

416

(1)

Background/Literature Review

416

(1)

Methods

417

(1)

Research design

417

(1)

Subjects/Participants

417

(1)

Measurements/Instrumentation

418

(1)

Data collection

418

(1)

Analysis

418

(1)

Results/Findings

418

(1)

Discussion

419

(1)

References

419

(1)

Appendix

419

(1)

Other Components

420

(1)

Acknowledgements

420

(1)

Funding support

420

(1)

Human subjects protection

420

(1)

Conflict of interest disclosure

420

(1)

Authorship

421

(1)

Key Points

422

(2)

Review and Apply

424

(1)

Study Further

425

(2)

Glossary

427

(16)

References

443

(8)

Index

451

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Conducting health research : principles, process, and methods / Frederick J. Kviz.

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Conducting health research : principles, process, and methods / Frederick J. Kviz.

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